architektúra
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očiatky dejín architektúry siahajú do chvíle, keď človek neprihliada len na základné požiadavky stavby, ale dokáže v jej formovaní odzrkadliť estetické hodnoty, vedome v nej odráža pomocou konštrukčnej skladby zákonitosti prírody alebo jej prostredníctvom vyjadruje svoj duchovný rozmer. Najstaršie ucelené architektonické celky vznikajú v starovekej Mezopotámii. Stavebným materiálom sa stáva tehla zo všadeprítomnej hliny. Vznikajú tu stavby obmedzené stavebnými prostriedkami s klenbami na malé rozpony, stupňovité pyramídy zvané zikkuraty, z ktorých najznámejšou sa stala Babylonská veža, ako aj vôbec prvé mestá na svete. Najstaršie nálezy pochádzajú z Jericha v Palestíne a z Çatal Höyüku v Turecku zo 7. tisícročia pred Kr. Medzi najstaršie pozostatky architektúry v Európe patrí kamenný megalitický kromlech v Stonehenge v Anglicku približne z obdobia medzi 3. a 2. tisícročím pred Kr.
V starovekom Egypte sa vyvíja architrávový systém podpôr a bremien, kde sú trámy položené na pilieroch. Piliere mali charakteristické hlavice v podobe palmy, papyrusu alebo lotosu, prípadne boli žliabkované po celej dĺžke. Klenby sa takmer nepoužívali. Tento druh stavieb najväčšmi ovplyvnil európsku architektúru, ktorej počiatky siahajú k egejskej kultúre. Pre staroveký Egypt sú tiež charakteristické monumentálne hrobky v tvare pyramíd.
